morpheus 发表于 2024-8-30 18:02:49

征夫 |“怪”是精髓——话说“扬州八怪”(札记)

<section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="147146"><section style="margin: 10px auto;display: flex;justify-content: center;"><section><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="width: 100%;border-top: 1px solid rgb(35, 78, 173);height: 1px;overflow: hidden;" data-width="100%"><br/></section><section style="flex-shrink: 0;display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(255, 115, 53);border-top: 8px solid transparent;border-bottom: 8px solid transparent;margin-left: 4px;overflow: hidden;"><br/></section><section style="width: 0px;height: 1px;border-left: 10px solid rgb(255, 214, 72);border-top: 8px solid transparent;border-bottom: 8px solid transparent;margin-left: 4px;overflow: hidden;"><br/></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;color: rgb(35, 78, 173);text-align: center;padding-right: 14px;padding-left: 14px;"><span style="font-size: 17px;"><strong data-brushtype="text">“怪”是精髓——话说“扬州八怪”</strong></span></section><section style="width: 100%;border-top: 1px solid rgb(35, 78, 173);margin-top: 5px;height: 1px;overflow: hidden;" data-width="100%"><br/></section><section style="width: 100%;height: 3px;background-color: rgb(146, 174, 234);margin-top: 2px;overflow: hidden;" data-width="100%"><br/></section></section></section></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="147133"><section style="margin: 10px auto;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;padding-right: 20px;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;margin-bottom: -14px;background-color: #ffffff;"><section style="margin-left: 4px;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 123, 64);overflow: hidden;"><br/></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 123, 64);margin-top: 3px;overflow: hidden;"><br/></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 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5px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 123, 64);margin-top: 3px;overflow: hidden;"><br/></section></section><section style="opacity: 0.2;margin-left: 3px;"><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 123, 64);overflow: hidden;"><br/></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 123, 64);margin-top: 3px;overflow: hidden;"><br/></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 123, 64);margin-top: 3px;overflow: hidden;"><br/></section><section style="width: 5px;height: 5px;border-radius: 100%;background-color: rgb(255, 123, 64);margin-top: 3px;overflow: hidden;"><br/></section></section></section></section><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(35, 78, 173);padding: 20px 10px 15px;margin-right: 4px;margin-left: 4px;"><section data-autoskip="1" style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-size: 15px;">文/征夫</span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">“扬州八怪”,又名“扬州画派”,是中国清代中期活跃于扬州地区一批不拘古法、个性鲜明、风格怪异、作品奇特、独具风采的书画家总称。扬州八怪既是扬州的文化盛宴,又是扬州的文化现象,更是名闻遐迩的扬州文化遗产与文化名片。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">为厘清头绪和拨开谜雾,我们专程参观了位于扬州广陵区驼铃巷18号的扬州八怪纪念馆。纪念馆是利用“扬州八怪”之一金农曾寄居的西方寺古建筑群而改扩建造,该馆占地4452平方米。优美的园林景观与深厚的文化底蕴交相辉映,使这里成为独具文化特色的旅游景点。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">扬州八怪纪念馆有700年前的楠木大殿,作为纪念馆主展厅,大厅中央“八怪”群雕引人注目,大厅墙壁集中展示扬州八怪的成因及艺术成就;东西廊坊陈列扬州八怪成员书画精品,表现各位书画家的个性创作;金农寄居的方丈室恢复原貌,展现金农晚年创作生活的情境;新增陈列室展放“扬州八怪”当代传人李亚如的书画作品;廊坊外墙布置近六十幅“扬州八怪”书画石刻,再现中国传统碑刻的神韵。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">在纪念馆内,中央广场矗立着扬州八怪的巨型石刻印章,彰显文化艺术元素;周边“千年银杏”“鹤池窥冰”“莲池映月”“竹泉幽境”,营造幽雅静谧氛围;主展厅门前廊柱镌刻郑燮著名诗句“删繁就简三秋树,领异标新二月花”,道出扬州八怪特立独行、标新立异、推陈出新的风范。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">作为约数的“扬州八怪”,在中国书画史上说法不一;目前比较公认的说法,是根据李玉棻《瓯钵罗室书画过目考》确认。“扬州八怪”包括郑燮、金农、黄慎、李鱓、李方膺、汪士慎、罗聘和高翔;另有比较著名的华岩、闵贞、高凤翰、李勉、陈撰、边寿民和杨法等一百数十位书画家,因风格接近,也可并入“八怪”之列。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">扬州八怪从康熙末年崛起,兴盛于雍正、乾隆年间,到嘉庆四年“八怪”中最年轻的罗聘去世,前后跨度近百年。他们现存的书法绘画作品为数众多,流传盛广,影响深远。据《扬州八怪现存画目》记载,国内外有200多家博物馆、美术馆及研究机构共收藏8000余幅“扬州八怪”作品。当下,“八怪”作品在艺术市场上流通较广,交易甚众,价格飙升,整体市场走势值得期待。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">“扬州八怪”何以在扬州形成气候?就必须追溯扬州的经济文化发展走向。扬州自隋唐以来,经济繁荣,文化昌盛;虽经历代兵燹,但由于地处要冲,交通便利,土地肥沃,物产丰富,战乱之后很快又恢复繁盛。进入清代,虽遭十日屠城洗劫,但经康雍乾三朝发展,扬州又呈繁华盛景,遂成为东南沿海大都会和全国重要贸易中心。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">扬州随着经济的兴隆,文化艺术事业也随之兴盛。各地文人名流,纷至沓来,汇集扬州。在当地官员倡导下,经常举办诗文酒会,诗文书画创作活跃,影响波及全国。扬州富商大贾也附庸风雅,对各地来扬名士多延揽接待。富豪们不仅对精美工艺品、珠玉珍宝、鲜衣美食大量需求,而且在书画方面更是竭力搜求,连平民百姓也求购书画悬于堂室,以示脱俗风雅,以至民谚曾有“家中无字画,不是旧人家”之说。对字画的大量渴求,自然会吸引和催生了大量的书画大咖。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">以“扬州八怪”为佼佼者的扬州画派作品,无论在取材立意,还是构图用笔,都有着鲜明的个性。中国书画到明末清初受到保守思想的笼囿,以临摹抄照为主流,画苑书坛缺乏生机。如此萎靡之风激起有识之士和书画大家的不满,在扬州便出现了力主创新的大画家石涛引领潮流;他提出“笔墨当随时代”“无法而法”口号,宛若空谷足音,震动书画界,自此“开扬州一派”,并随之孕育了“扬州八怪”等一批具有创新思维、开拓视野的书画家群体。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">“扬州八怪”究竟怪在何处?这正是本文读解的重点——</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">一是坎坷波折的身世。“扬州八怪”虽然各有各的怪癖,但这并非是“怪”的主体;“八怪”之“怪”就在于作品的怪异,“怪”是其精髓、精粹与精华。从实际看,“八怪”本身经历坎坷,有着不平之气,有着无限激愤,对贫民阶层深表同情;他们凭着知识分子的敏锐洞察力和善良的同情心,对丑恶的人和事加以抨击,或著于诗文,或表诸书画;他们尽管表现出怪诞的气质和怪异的作品,还有怪趣的故事,然而都没有僭越当时礼教的规程,并没有像晋代文人那般装腔作势、哭笑无常和放纵不羁,完全属于正常之人。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">二是独辟蹊径的立意。“扬州八怪”不愿走平常路,而是要自立门户,独闯新径,不囿古法,不同古人,为人不合时流,作品不随时俗,竭力创造出“掀天揭地之文,震惊雷雨之字,呵神骂鬼之谈,无古无今之画”。他们的作品往往有悖常人欣赏习惯,人们为此既觉得新奇,又深感怪异。他们虽然卖字卖画,但却以字画寄情,在书画艺术上有更高更新的要求,不愿流入一般书画家的行列,不愿落入一般书画作品的俗套,而力求达到立意新、构图新、技法新的境界。正如郑燮所言:“下笔自成一家,长于诗文。”</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">三是不落窠臼的技法。中国绘画历史悠久,源远流长,其中文人画自唐兴盛,逐渐丰富发展,形成一整套完整的理论体系。自明清以来,中国出现众多画派,尤以虞山、娄东画派为甚,可他们都讲求临摹效仿古人,以遵守古法为原则,以力振古法为己任,并以“正宗”自命。与此相对应,所幸在扬州形成了以郑燮、金农为首的“扬州八怪”画风,在继承和发扬我国绘画传统的基础上,对赓续前人、推陈出新、创作方法有着不同的见解与实践。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">四是挥洒自如的笔锋。扬州八怪诸家虽也尊重传统,但他们与所谓“正宗”相别。他们继承了石涛、徐渭、朱耷等人的创作方法,“师其意不在迹象间”,不死守临摹古法。郑板桥推崇石涛,他向石涛学习,遵循“撇一半,学一半,未尝全学”。石涛提出“师造化”“用我法”,反对“泥古不化”,要求书画家从大自然中去发掘灵感,从生活中去寻找题材,要有强烈的个性特质和独创风格,不愿与人苟同,让人耳目一新。因此,“扬州八怪”用笔奔放,挥洒自如,打破了当时的僵化局面,为中国书画带来了新的生机,影响并培育了王小梅、吴昌硕、任渭长、陈师曾、齐白石、徐悲鸿、黄宾虹和张大千等一大批近现代书画艺术大师。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br/></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">五是特立高标的品行。扬州八怪对当时盛行于官场的卑污、奸恶、趋炎附势、奉承谄媚等言行深恶痛绝。“八怪”中除郑燮、李方膺做过小小知县外,其他人均以“鲁仲连”“介之推”为楷模,至死不愿做官,就是做过官的郑燮也与常官不同。他们一生志趣大多融汇于诗文书画中,致力追求自然、真实和现实,用作品反映民间疾苦、发泄内心积愤,绝不粉饰太平。他们喜爱以梅的高傲、石的坚冷、竹的清高、兰的幽香表达志向与情趣,罗聘甚至爱画鬼以影射贪官污吏。在封建制度极端残酷又大兴文字狱的时代,“八怪”却敢于标新立异、直抒胸臆,无怪乎当时一督抚闻此直呼“怪哉,怪哉”。邓拓在咏赞板桥先生时写道“歌吹扬州惹怪名,兰香竹影伴书声”,可以算作对“八怪”之“怪”的勾勒。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">&nbsp; &nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">“扬州八怪”,各有所怪。郑燮,怪在传奇;金农,怪在才气;高翔,怪在淡泊;李鱓,怪在命运;黄慎,怪在悟性;李方膺,怪在倔强;汪士慎,怪在为人;罗聘,怪在使命。呜呼,“八怪”并非“丑八怪”,而是“作品怪”云尔。</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></section></section></section></section></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="93708" style="border-width: 0px;border-style: none;border-color: initial;box-sizing: border-box;font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif;margin-bottom: 0px;"><section data-role="outer" label="Powered by 135editor.com" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="122341"><section style="margin: 10px auto;"><section style="margin-right: 10px;margin-left: 10px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: space-around;align-items: flex-end;"><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="123256"><section style="margin: 10px auto;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(169, 220, 200);padding-right: 15px;padding-left: 15px;transform-style: preserve-3d;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: center;padding-top: 15px;padding-bottom: 15px;transform: translateZ(10px);"><section><section style="font-size: 16px;color: #59b39e;text-align: center;letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><strong data-brushtype="text"><br/></strong></section><section style="font-size: 16px;color: #59b39e;text-align: center;letter-spacing: 1.5px;"><strong data-brushtype="text">/</strong><span style="font-size: 17px;"><strong data-brushtype="text"> 作者简介</strong></span><strong data-brushtype="text"> /</strong></section><section style="font-size: 12px;color: #829495;text-align: center;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-style: oblique;"><br/></section></section></section><section style="box-sizing: border-box;width: 100%;max-width: 100% !important;text-align: center;" data-width="100%"></section><section data-autoskip="1" style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;font-size: 14px;color: rgb(75, 93, 94);padding-top: 10px;transform: translateZ(10px);"><p><span style="font-size: 15px;"><br/></span></p><p style="margin-left: 0px;margin-right: 0px;"><span style="color: rgb(75, 93, 94);font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 1.5px;text-wrap: wrap;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);font-size: 15px;">征夫,微名楚水隐士,江苏扬州人,市作协会员,乳燕文学天地及兴化作协平台副主编。</span><br/></p></section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;margin-top: -70px;transform: translateZ(5px);"><section style="box-sizing:border-box;width: 56px;transform: translateX(15px);-webkit-transform: translateX(15px);-moz-transform: translateX(15px);-ms-transform: translateX(15px);-o-transform: translateX(15px);"><br/></section><section style="box-sizing:border-box;width: 56px;transform: translateX(15px);-webkit-transform: translateX(15px);-moz-transform: translateX(15px);-ms-transform: translateX(15px);-o-transform: translateX(15px);"><br/></section><section 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